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Legislation

January 17, 2019 — 0

Congress Page Revived

I’ve just updated a resource that I created two years ago and—I hate to admit—failed to update much over the past year. But it works again now, so give it a spin sometime, it’s pretty cool.

It’s a database-driven little web app called “Narrow Down Congress” (narrowdown.org). It does one thing: classify members of the U.S. Congress according to groups that you create, and then show you which legislators belong to more than one group.

Why is that useful? Say you’re interested in human rights in Mexico. You have a list of House Foreign Affairs Committee members, a list of legislators who signed a recent letter on worldwide human rights, and a list of legislators who’ve said something about Mexico in the Congressional Record. Wouldn’t it be interesting to know which legislators are on all three lists? Or even just on two of the three? And then export their contact information?

Well, I think it would be interesting. That’s why I made this page, using my advanced beginner-level PHP, MYSQL, and Javascript skills.

And now the site has the entire 116th Congress’s current contact information in it. However, as of now a lot of the existing categories are out of date: committee memberships, for instance, have changed a lot since the last Congress, and many new changes are coming every day right now. But we’ll be updating them constantly, and you’re welcome to make your own.

Check it out. It makes you create a username and password, but that’s just so that the lists you create will still be there the next time you visit. And if it’s still confusing, just click “tutorial” in the upper right-hand corner.

January 3, 2019 — 0

Gigantic 116th Congress spreadsheet

January 16, 2021 update to everyone who’s been asking: I do plan to make a 117th Congress spreadsheet. My guess is by mid-February. First, I want contact information for the three brand-new senators (Warnock, Ossoff, and Padilla), and I’m hoping DailyKos produces a 117th Congress Candidate & Politician Guide spreadsheet, which if they do will be linked from here. Thankfully, the unitedstates/congress-legislators database on GitHub remains actively updated.

Below, here as a Google Sheet, and here as an Excel file, is a very detailed spreadsheet of all U.S. representatives and senators who were sworn in today.

I made it by mashing up the data I found useful from the unitedstates/congress-legislators database on GitHub and the freshly updated spreadsheet of member and demographic data compiled by DailyKos. Shortly I’ll add it to a web resource on the Congress that I created in early 2017 but haven’t kept up lately. Time to revive it.

Information here includes:

Legislators’ names, states, parties, districts, address and phone info.
Legislators’ genders, birthdays, religions, race/ethnicity, and lgbt data.
How people voted in legislators’ districts/states during the past few presidential and legislative elections.
Demographic information about legislators’ districts and states (ethnicity, education level, income).

October 3, 2017 — 0

12 points about the “Border Security for America Act of 2017”

The House Homeland Security Committee meets tomorrow to mark up (draft and vote on) H.R. 3548, the “Border Security for America Act of 2017.” It calls for $14 billion in new border-security spending, mostly at the U.S.-Mexico border.

The legislation might not go anywhere, but it’s still teachable. It includes a few items that are worth support, though much of it is terrible.

Here’s a summary table of those items. But read the whole thing at WOLA’s website.

July 18, 2017 — 0

Statement on the House’s Homeland Security Appropriations Bill

The House Appropriations Committee meets at 10:30 to “mark up” (approve the draft of) the bill that will fund the Homeland Security department in 2018. The bill includes the Trump administration’s full request of $1.6 billion to build 74 miles of border wall, 60 of it new. It also has $100 million to hire 500 more Border Patrol agents, and money to start building up a huge ICE deportation force.

Needless to say, we oppose this bill. Here is WOLA’s statement laying out why this is a huge and cruel waste of money.

As an organization with decades of experience in human rights in the Americas and U.S.-Latin America migration, WOLA (the Washington Office on Latin America) opposes this version of the Department of Homeland Security Appropriations bill. We urge Members of Congress to oppose this bill and speak out against it as long as it includes the harmful provisions listed below.

Read the rest here.

June 16, 2017 — 0

Who are the House’s border hardliners and reformers?

I asked my “narrowdown.org” congressional web database which members of Congress most consistently sign on to legislation or letters, or join caucuses, having to do with U.S.-Mexico border security. The result was the below list of 19 “hardliners” and 20 “reformers” in the House of Representatives.

Of the 19 hardliners, 18 are Republicans who won their districts by more then 10 percentage points in November. (The other is the lone Democrat, Henry Cuellar of south Texas.) Only one is a woman. Three represent districts whose population is over 30 percent Latino. Five sit on committees that oversee border security policy.

Of the 20 reformers, all are Democrats who won their districts by more than 10 percentage points in November. Fourteen represent districts whose population is over 30 percent Latino. Four sit on committees that oversee border security policy.

This is an inexact tool: for instance, it omits hardliner Michael McCaul (R-Texas) and reformer Lucille Roybal-Allard (D-California), a committee chairman and a ranking Democrat whose positions lead them to sponsor fewer bills. But it still yields an interesting result.

Hardliners: favor building up border security and cracking down on immigration

Rep. Jodey Arrington, R-TX 19 (Abilene, Lubbock); partisan index R+27%
Rep. Lou Barletta, R-PA 11 (Carlisle, Harrisburg, Hazleton, Sunbury); partisan index R+13%
Rep. Diane Black, R-TN 6 (Cookeville, Gallatin); partisan index R+27%
Rep. David Alan “Dave” Brat, R-VA 7 (Glen Allen, Spotsylvania, Richmond area); partisan index R+5%
Rep. Mo Brooks, R-AL 5 (Decatur, Huntsville, Shoals); partisan index R+18%
Rep. Michael C. Burgess, R-TX 26 (Lake Dallas, Denton, Dallas-Fort Worth area); partisan index R+15%
Rep. Ken S. Calvert, R-CA 42 (Corona, Murrieta); partisan index R+7%
Rep. Henry Cuellar, D-TX 28 (Laredo, Mission, Rio Grande City, San Antonio); partisan index D+9%
Rep. Matt Gaetz, R-FL 1 (Pensacola); partisan index R+22%
Rep. Thomas Garrett, R-VA 5 (Charlottesville, Danville); partisan index R+7%
Rep. Louie B. Gohmert Jr., R-TX 1 (Longview, Lufkin, Marshall, Nacogdoches, Tyler); partisan index R+25%
Rep. Paul A. Gosar, R-AZ 4 Gold Canyon, Kingman, Prescott); partisan index R+22%
Rep. Duncan D. Hunter, R-CA 50 (El Cajon, Escondido, Temecula); partisan index R+9%
Rep. Walter B. Jones Jr., R-NC 3 (Greenville, Havelock, Jacksonville); partisan index R+13%
Rep. Steve A. King, R-IA 4 (Ames, Fort Dodge, Mason City, Sioux City, Spencer); partisan index R+16%
Rep. Kenny Ewell Marchant, R-TX 24 Irving, Dallas-Fort Worth area); partisan index R+4%
Rep. David “Phil” Roe, R-TN 1 (Kingsport, Morristown); partisan index R+31%
Rep. Lamar S. Smith, R-TX 21 (Austin, Kerrville, San Antonio); partisan index R+6%
Rep. Joe G. Wilson, R-SC 2 (Aiken/Barnwell, West Columbia); partisan index R+10%

Reformers: favor less coercive border security and welcome immigration

Rep. Tony Cardenas, D-CA 29 (San Fernando Valley); partisan index D+31%
Rep. Judy M. Chu, D-CA 27 (Claremont, Pasadena); partisan index D+19%
Rep. Yvette D. Clarke, D-NY 9 (Brooklyn); partisan index D+34%
Rep. Ruben Gallego, D-AZ 7 (Phoenix); partisan index D+25%
Rep. Raul M. Grijalva, D-AZ 3 (Tucson, Yuma, southwest to border); partisan index D+15%
Rep. Luis V. Gutierrez, D-IL 4 (Chicago); partisan index D+35%
Rep. Barbara Lee, D-CA 13 (Oakland, Berkeley); partisan index D+42%
Rep. Zoe Lofgren, D-CA 19 (San Jose); partisan index D+26%
Rep. Michelle Lujan Grisham, D-NM 1 (San Jose); partisan index D+26%
Rep. James P. “Jim” McGovern, D-MA 2 (Leominster, Northampton, Worcester); partisan index D+9%
Rep. Gwen Moore, D-WI 4 (Milwaukee); partisan index D+26%
Rep. Grace F. Napolitano, D-CA 32 (El Monte, east of Los Angeles); partisan index D+20%
Rep. Beto O’Rourke, D-TX 16 (El Paso); partisan index D+20%
Rep. Linda T. Sanchez, D-CA 38 (Norwalk, Los Angeles Area, Orange County); partisan index D+20%
Rep. Janice D. “Jan” Schakowsky, D-IL 9 (North side Chicago, Evanston, Glenview); partisan index D+23%
Rep. Jose E. Serrano, D-NY 15 (Bronx); partisan index D+44%
Rep. Darren Soto, D-FL 9 (South Orlando, Kissimmee); partisan index D+6%
Rep. Norma Torres, D-CA 35 (Ontario, Pomona); partisan index D+20%
Rep. Juan Vargas, D-CA 51 (San Diego, El Centro, border); partisan index D+25%
Rep. Filemon Vela, D-TX 34 (Alice, Brownsville, San Benito, Weslaco); partisan index D+10%

Reformers met at least two of these conditions. Three members met three (Brooks, King, and Smith):

Co-Sponsors H.R.2146 Unaccompanied Alien Children Placement Transparency Act of 2017
Co-sponsors 2017 House Anti-Border Corruption Reauthorization Act
Cosponsors HR 1813 – Border Wall Funding Act
Cosponsors HR 2186 – El CHAPO Act
Cosponsors HR 82 Criminal Alien Deportation Enforcement Act
Members of House Border Security Caucus

Reformers met at least five of these conditions. One member met nine (Gutierrez):

Co-Sponsors H.R.1608 ICE and CBP Body Camera Accountability Act
Co-Sponsors H.R.2572 Protect Family Values at the Border Act
Co-Sponsors H.R.920 – Protecting Our Border Communities Act Nullifying January 25, 2017 Executive Order
Members of Congressional Hispanic Caucus Task Force on Immigration and Border Issues
Cosponsors Border Enforcement Accountability, Oversight, and Community Engagement Act
Cosponsors HR 1477 – No Taxpayer Funding for the Wall Act
Cosponsors HR 837 – Build Bridges Not Walls Act
Members of House Border Caucus
Signers of House Letter Opposing Immigration Raids 2016-01-12
Signers of asylum turnback letter 2017-05-25

June 16, 2017 — 0

Top Senate Republican on foreign aid cuts: “it’s not what is going to occur”

We’ve been voicing alarm about the incredibly deep cuts to diplomacy and foreign aid that the Trump administration has proposed for 2018. When we talk to people in the House of Representatives, they tend to share our alarm about the cuts, which would slash aid to Latin America by 35 percent from last year’s levels.

But when we talk to Senate staff, they generally wave their hands and say “don’t worry about it.”

You can see that here, in this opening statement by Sen. Bob Corker (R-Tennessee), the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, at Tuesday’s committee hearing on the budget with Secretary of State Tillerson. After heaping praise on Tillerson, Corker, with his usual laconic delivery, lets him have it on the proposed budget cuts.

We sat down yesterday in the middle of the Russia negotiations. I took some time out to sit down with my staff, and we began going through the budget that you’re presenting today. And after about five minutes, I said, “This is a total waste of time, I don’t want to do this anymore.”

And the reason it’s wasted time is, I think you know that the budget that’s been presented is not going to be the budget that we’re going to deal with. It’s just not.

And, I mean, the fact is that Congress has a tremendous respect for the diplomatic efforts that are underway, the aid that we provide in emergency situations, and it’s likely and– and by the way, this happens with every presidential budget, every presidential budget. This one in particular, though, it’s likely that what comes out of Congress is likely not going to resemble what is being presented today.

And so I felt it was a total waste of time to go through the line items and even discuss them, because it’s not what is going to occur.

May 24, 2017 — 0

At wola.org: Trump’s 2018 Foreign Aid Budget Would Deal a Devastating Blow to Latin America

Here’s a new post at WOLA’s site in which I perform serious analysis on something I should normally be poking fun at: the Trump administration’s proposal to cut Latin America’s foreign assistance by 35 percent next year.

Some observations:

Assistance to Central America would drop by 39 percent from 2016 to 2018.
Assistance to Colombia would drop by 16 percent from 2016 to 2018, and by 36 percent from 2017 to 2018.
Assistance to Mexico in the foreign aid bill would drop by 45 percent from 2016 to 2018.
Along the U.S.-Mexico border, the Homeland Security appropriation calls for new fencing at a cost of $21.2 million per mile.
Foreign Military Financing, the main military aid program in the foreign aid budget, would fall to zero throughout Latin America.
The military aid cuts may get a boost from Defense Department budget aid accounts.
The request devastates independent development agencies.

Read the whole thing here.

May 23, 2017 — 0

Hopefully this 2018 foreign aid budget request is dead on arrival in Congress

The Trump administration issued its 2018 budget request to Congress today. We’ll have a proper memo out about this tomorrow. For now, here’s a crude graphic that shows pretty clearly how radical and irresponsible the foreign aid part of the request is.

The Homeland Security request, meanwhile, proposes to build 74 miles of border wall at a cost of over $21 million per mile. That’s about three times the cost of the border fencing built in the years after passage of the Secure Fence Act of 2006.

More analysis—and probably a better-looking graphic—will come to wola.org tomorrow.

May 1, 2017 — 0

“Peace Colombia” aid is still in the 2017 appropriation

The table of aid to Colombia following this paragraph comes from the explanatory statement for the State Department and foreign aid part of the 2017 budget bill (PDF). It reflects the deal struck in Congress on Sunday to fund the federal government for the rest of the fiscal year, averting a government shutdown.

And here is what the Obama administration had asked Congress for back in February 2016. This table came from an exchange with congressional staff that month.

The aid accounts are listed in different order, but they make clear Congress did not change or cut the Obama White House’s so-called “Peace Colombia” request for post-conflict Colombia in 2017. This is good news.

Since “International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement” pays for some judicial programs, it is probably a majority non-military package—depending perhaps on how you count the $21 million for de-mining. That is the first time I’ve seen Colombia get a majority non-military / non-police aid package in the 22 years since I started keeping track in 1996.

You may have heard that this was a $450 million aid package. That’s right. The same exchange with legislative staff pointed out that an additional $44.6 million is estimated to come through the Defense Department’s Counter-Drug and Counter-Transnational Organized Crime account, and $14.7 million comes through non-aid State Department accounts: “Public Diplomacy,” “Voice of America,” and “Trade and Development Agency.” (I dispute whether that extra $14.7 million should actually count as aid—but whatever.)

April 25, 2017 — 0

Podcast: “The Border Wall and the Budget”

The Trump White House came dangerously close to shutting down the U.S. government over funding for its proposed wall along the border with Mexico. Here I explain the budget process, what we know of the administration’s wall-building plans, and why it’s a bad idea.

I think this one came out pretty well.

March 18, 2017 — 0

Some trivia about Congress and Latin America

This is from narrowdown.org and yes, I understand how nerdy it is.

I derived these using “Narrow Down Congress,” a web-app I coded over the holidays. It does one thing: find members of Congress who match more than one category. I invite you to play around with it.

The House and Senate Foreign Relations/Affairs Committees have subcommittees for the Western Hemisphere. They have a combined 23 members. Of these 23:

4 are under 50 (born since 1967):

Rep. Joaquin Castro (D-Texas)
Rep. Ron DeSantis (R-Florida)
Sen. Cory Gardner (R-Colorado)
Sen. Marco Rubio (R-Florida)

4 are women:

Rep. Robin Kelly (D-Illinois)
Rep. Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R-Florida)
Sen. Jeanne Shaheen (D-New Hampshire)
Rep. Norma Torres (D-California)

4 were elected since 2014:

Rep. Adriano Espaillat (D-New York)
Sen. Cory Gardner (R-Colorado)
Rep. Francis Rooney (R-Florida)
Rep. Norma Torres (D-California)

5 are Congressional Hispanic Caucus members:

Rep. Joaquin Castro (D-Texas)
Rep. Adriano Espaillat (D-New York)
Sen. Robert “Bob” Menendez (D-New Jersey)
Rep. Albio Sires (D-New Jersey)
Rep. Norma Torres (D-California)

5 come from U.S.-Mexico border states:

Rep. Joaquin Castro (D-Texas)
Sen. Jeff Flake (R-Arizona)
Rep. Michael McCaul (R-Texas)
Rep. Norma Torres (D-California)
Sen. Tom Udall (D-New Mexico)

7 were last elected by a margin of less than 10 points:

Sen. Jeff Flake (R-Arizona)
Sen. Cory Gardner (R-Colorado)
Sen. Ron Johnson (R-Wisconsin)
Sen. Timothy Kaine (D-Virginia)
Rep. Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R-Florida)
Sen. Marco Rubio (R-Florida)
Sen. Jeanne Shaheen (D-New Hampshire)

These 34 Republicans are currently co-sponsoring at least one bill favoring more trade and travel with Cuba:

Rep. Tom Emmer (R-Minnesota)
Rep. Ted Poe (R-Texas)
Rep. Justin Amash (R-Michigan)
Rep. James Comer (R-Kentucky)
Rep. Eric “Rick” Crawford (R-Arkansas)
Rep. Thomas Garrett (R-Virginia)
Rep. Darin LaHood (R-Illinois)
Rep. Roger Marshall (R-Kansas)
Rep. Erik Paulsen (R-Minnesota)
Rep. Marshall “Mark” Sanford (R-South Carolina)
Rep. Austin Scott (R-Georgia)
Rep. Randy Weber (R-Texas)
Rep. Ralph Abraham (R-Louisiana)
Rep. Jim Banks (R-Indiana)
Rep. Ted Budd (R-North Carolina)
Rep. K. Michael Conaway (R-Texas)
Rep. Rodney Davis (R-Illinois)
Rep. Blake Farenthold (R-Texas)
Rep. A. “Drew” Ferguson (R-Georgia)
Rep. Gregg Harper (R-Mississippi)
Rep. Vicky Hartzler (R-Missouri)
Rep. Clay Higgins (R-Louisiana)
Rep. Trey Hollingsworth (R-Indiana)
Rep. Walter Jones (R-North Carolina)
Rep. Trent Kelly (R-Mississippi)
Rep. Jason Lewis (R-Minnesota)
Rep. Thomas Massie (R-Kentucky)
Rep. Steven Palazzo (R-Mississippi)
Rep. Todd Rokita (R-Indiana)
Rep. Jason Smith (R-Missouri)
Rep. Glenn Thompson (R-Pennsylvania)
Rep. Bruce Westerman (R-Arkansas)
Rep. Roger Williams (R-Texas)
Rep. Don Young (R-Alaska)

(There are three such bills, you can find them at narrowdown.org by typing “Cuba” into the blank that says “Search by name.”)

Of these 34 Republicans, only one represents a district that Trump lost in November:

Rep. Erik Paulsen (R-Minnesota)

And only one won his district by less than 10 percentage points:

Rep. Jason Lewis (R-Minnesota, who in fact won by less than 5)

These eight members of the Congressional Central America Caucus also co-sponsor the Berta Cáceres Human Rights in Honduras Act:

Rep. Rosa DeLauro (D-Connecticut)
Rep. Raul Grijalva (D-Arizona)
Rep. Luis Gutierrez (D-Illinois)
Rep. James “Jim” McGovern (D-Massachusetts)
Rep. Mark Pocan (D-Wisconsin)
Rep. Jared Polis (D-Colorado)
Rep. Janice “Jan” Schakowsky (D-Illinois)
Rep. Jose Serrano (D-New York)

Of these eight, five are also on the Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission, which Rep. McGovern co-chairs:

Rep. Raul Grijalva (D-Arizona)
Rep. James “Jim” McGovern (D-Massachusetts)
Rep. Mark Pocan (D-Wisconsin)
Rep. Janice “Jan” Schakowsky (D-Illinois)
Rep. Jose Serrano (D-New York)

Of the Mexico-U.S. Interparliamentary Group, the U.S.-Mexico Friendship Caucus, and the co-sponsors of House Resolution 104 “Reaffirming a strong commitment to the United States-Mexico partnership,” these 17 “friends of Mexico” are on two out of three:

Rep. Jared Polis (D-Colorado, the only one on all three)
Rep. Joaquin Castro (D-Texas)
Rep. Gerald Connolly (D-Virginia)
Rep. Henry Cuellar (D-Texas)
Rep. Susan Davis (D-California)
Rep. Theodore Deutch (D-Florida)
Rep. Keith Ellison (D-Minnesota)
Rep. Eliot Engel (D-New York)
Rep. Raul Grijalva (D-Arizona)
Rep. Alcee Hastings (D-Florida)
Rep. Zoe Lofgren (D-California)
Rep. Grace Napolitano (D-California)
Rep. Beto O’Rourke (D-Texas)
Rep. Lucille Roybal-Allard (D-California)
Rep. Linda Sanchez (D-California)
Rep. Jose Serrano (D-New York)
Rep. Norma Torres (D-California)

Of these 17, the only one elected to Congress since 2014:

Rep. Norma Torres (D-California)

March 16, 2017 — 0

How would you even begin to cut foreign aid by 29 percent?

The Trump budget would completely zero out funding for the U.S. Institute for Peace, contributing a whopping $35 million to its $15.2 billion in proposed cuts. (Wikipedia photo)

The Trump administration’s 2018 budget request is out. Though the next year’s budget request to Congress is normally due the first Monday in February, a new administration is traditionally given a few months (usually until sometime in April) to come up with the whole thing.

The document that came out today is called the “skinny budget,” because it contains very little detail. We don’t know yet what worldwide programs would be cut by how much—much less which countries would get what.

What we can see today is skinny, but it’s horrifying. It proposes cutting all diplomacy and foreign assistance by 29 percent in one year: from $52.8 billion in 2016 to $37.6 billion in 2018.

Imagine that: trying to slice nearly one out of every three dollars from all embassies and all assistance, both military and economic, worldwide. Abruptly, for a fiscal year that starts on October 1.

By the time this gets through Congress, there will probably be cuts, though they won’t be this deep. Leading Republican appropriators, especially Sen. Lindsey Graham (R-South Carolina), chairman of the subcommittee that drafts the foreign aid bill, have already objected. (The phrase Graham used was “dead on arrival.”)

But for now, imagine that it was your job to cut this key government function by nearly one-third, as the White House proposes. Here are the diplomacy and foreign aid accounts, as they appeared in the 2016 State and Foreign Operations budget appropriation [PDF]. (That’s the last time Congress passed a budget bill; we currently continue at 2016 levels.) What on earth would you cut to get down to $37.6 billion?

Item (including “overseas contingency” funds)	Amount, millions of US$
All administration of foreign affairs (diplomacy, embassy security, cultural programs, etc.)	11,439
Global Health Programs	8,503
Foreign Military Financing	6,026
($3.1 billion of the above account goes to Israel, and the Trump administration’s 2018 budget proposal won’t cut it.)
Economic Support Fund	4,318
Migration and Refugee Assistance	3,059
International Disaster Assistance	2,794
Development Assistance	2,781
Contributions to international peacekeeping missions	2,461
USAID administration	1,517
Contributions to all international organizations (UN, OAS, etc.)	1,446
International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement	1,267
World Bank International Development Association	1,197
(Everything below this row makes up only 13 percent of the total)
Assistance for Europe, Eurasia, and Central Asia	930
Millennium Challenge Corporation	901
Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, Demining and Related Programs	885
International broadcasting	750
Peacekeeping Operations	600
Peace Corps	410
Assistance through international organizations	339
African Development Bank	210
World Bank International Bank for Reconstruction and Development	187
World Bank Clean Technology Fund	171
National Endowment for Democracy	170
World Bank Global Environment Facility	168
Democracy Fund	151
International commissions	123
International Military Education and Training	108
Asian Development Fund	105
Inter-American Development Bank	102
U.S.-Mexico Boundary and Water Commission	74
Transition Initiatives	67
Trade and Development Agency	60
Emergency Refugee and Migration Assistance Fund	50
World Bank Strategic Climate Fund	50
Global Agriculture and Food Security Program	43
United States Institute of Peace	35
International Fund for Agricultural Development	32
U.S. African Development Foundation	30
USAID Complex Crises Fund	30
International Affairs Technical Assistance	24
Inter-American Foundation	23
Asia Foundation	17
East-West Center	17
North American Development Bank	10
Development Credit Authority	8
Asian Development Bank	6
Commission on International Religious Freedom	4
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission	4
Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe	3
Congressional-Executive Commission on the People’s Republic of China	2
Commission for the Preservation of America’s Heritage Abroad	1

Adam Isacson

Defense, security, borders, migration, and human rights in Latin America and the United States. May not reflect my employer’s consensus view.

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